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Cystitis

Pain in the lower abdomen with cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammatory process that affects the internal walls of the bladder.In the early stages, it mainly affects the mucous membrane and, in severe cases, can spread to the muscle layer of the organ.

According to statistics, almost 35% of people (mainly women), 20 to 40 years old, face this pathology, account for 67% of all cases of urological diseases.

Important! Bladder inflammation is characteristic of both sexes, however, due to anatomical characteristics, in women occurs 6-8 times more often.A wider, straight and shorter urethra provides easy access to various urogenital infections.With age, the difference in frequency of occurrence in men and women is softened due to the growth of prostatitis cases between elderly men and associated secondary cystitis.

The diagnosis and treatment of pathology are involved in a urologist.Women usually need to resort to the help of a gynecologist.

Cystitis: Forms and Types of Pathology

Depending on the presence of internal sources of inflammation, 2 types of cystitis are distinguished:

  • Primary - develops as an inflammation independent of the walls of an previously healthy bladder;More often found in women;
  • Secondary - arises as a result of other urea diseases or inflammation of adjacent tissues and organs (for example, with prostatitis in men).

By the nature of the course of the disease, they distinguish:

  • acute form;
  • Chronic form - Mixed symptoms without pain and burning is characteristic.

In the coverage area, the disease can be:

  • total, or general;
  • FOCAL - For example, a cervical form with damage to the bladder neck;
  • With the lesion of the ureteral triangle lieto (trigonite).

Observation!The focus of inflammation can cover the entire urinary system - in these cases, cystitis is the first clinical manifestation of renal stone disease or pyelonephritis.

Given the changes observed in the area of lesion, distinguishes:

  • Qatarhal - Classic acute inflammatory process with damage to only mucous tissues;It is accompanied by severe hyperemia, swelling and release of serous exudate (serous form);In a neglected case, he can enter a purulent form (with the release of purulent exudate);
  • Phlegmonous - a special type of purulent inflammation with purulent damage spilled to the submucosal layer;
  • granulomatous - accompanied by abundant eruptions in the organic membranes of the organ;
  • Hemorrhagic - an inflammatory process, accompanied by the release of blood in the urine;
  • Interstitial - with the involvement of deep muscle layers;
  • Ulcerative - with the formation of ulcerations characteristic of the mucous membrane of the internal walls;
  • Including - For a long time, non -healing ulcers are covered with salts;
  • cystic - with the formation of cysts in the submucosal organ;
  • Gangrenous - With murder of fabric.

Given the reasons, the whole variety of cases is divided into 2 large groups of infectious and non -infectious cystitis.

Infectious forms They develop under the influence of various urogenital and general infections.Distinguish:

  • Specific Pathologies - Pathogens (mainly bacteria) - chlamydia, gonococci, etc.;
  • Non-specific pathologies to the source of the disease is a variety of representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora

Observation!In rare cases, cystitis may occur in response to kidney tuberculosis infection.The disease is accompanied by a pronounced clinical condition.

Non -infectious cystitis -Develops as a result of non -biological damage to the mucous membranes of the organ.There are several types of pathological effects:

  • Radial - negative impact on radiotherapy tissue or radio exposure;
  • Allergic or autoimmune reaction - pathological reaction of the body to allergens (mainly personal hygiene products) or antigens of their own tissues;
  • Traumatic - with chopped or cut wounds, with damage to walls with urinary stones, catheter, foreign bodies; 
  • Parasitic - Under the influence of toxic parasites, in particular schistosome (type of flat worms);The risk zone includes mainly travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia;
  • Thermal - with burns, when washing with very hot solutions;
  • Toxic chemical-when exposed to aggressive substances: medicines, concentrated metabolites, poisonous substances, etc.;

How cystitis occurs: causes of pathology

The vast majority of cystitis are infectious in nature.The causative agent in this case can become conditionally pathogenic bacteria and.coli, streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and frequent representatives of urogenital infection-gonococci, trichomonas, etc.

However, aggression of microorganisms is not the main cause of the disease.Because of its successful effect, the body should be weakened by the influence of external and internal adverse factors.These include:

  • Chronic infections in other body systems - caring dental damage, intestinal diseases, various forms of acute respiratory viral infections, gynecological inflammation and STD;
  • Vitaminosis and hypovitaminosis against the backdrop of an unbalanced diet;
  • Excessive physical, nervous and mental work, as well as insomnia and lack of night sleep;
  • strong psycho -emotional tensions;
  • The general weakening of the immune system, including prolonged use of immunosuppressants;
  • Hypothermia of the body, the effect of sudden temperature changes - for women is sometimes sufficient to sit on a cold surface to start the inflammatory process in the pelvic organs, including bladder;
  • High sexual activity in the absence of a permanent partner (non -traditional sexual practices and unprotected sex are especially dangerous);
  • Stagnant phenomena in the work of pelvic organs and a sedentary lifestyle in general, frequent constipation, incomplete emptying due to restrictions on the urethra or bladder tumors, as well as a banal habit of "supporting to the last"; 
  • Bad or inadequate body hygiene - in 90% of cases, the Cystitis pathogen is E. coli, which enters the rectum bladder;
  • using synthetic linen, especially narrow, squeezing the pelvic organs;
  • abnormal development of urinary organs;
  • lesions and surgical intervention in the pelvic organs;
  • Acute and fatty foods.

Separately, the cause of the disease should be mentioned in endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, taking hormonal drugs) and general fluctuations in the hormonal background.The last reason is especially characteristic of the female body, when cystitis exacerbations follow periods of menstruation, pregnancy or menopause.

Symptoms of the disease

The first symptoms of cystitis are an increase in urination and discomfort in the lower abdomen.Otherwise, it all depends on the form of the disease and its cause. 

General list of possible resources:

  • frequent, sometimes false urination;
  • Mudy urine, blood impurities (hematuria) and pus are possible;
  • Pain in the lower abdomen (can be given to the lower back);
  • sculpture and burning in the urination process;
  • constant sensation of the fullness of the bladder;
  • The urine acquires an unpleasant odor;
  • Daily or night enuresis;
  • Improving body temperature and general weakness.

In rare cases acutely, chills, nausea and vomiting are possible.

Important! This disease is not characterized by a temperature above 37.5 degrees.If there is an excess of this indicator, it is necessary to examine the entire urinary system - perhaps the inflammatory process has reached the kidneys.

In women, pathology usually continues in acute form and is accompanied by a classic set of symptoms.

Men are characterized by a chronic disease of the disease with greased symptoms, which is usually accompanied by signs of concomitant sexual diseases (eg, balanoposthitis or urethritis).

Diagnosis

One of the clear symptoms of the disease allows you to make the main diagnosis after talking to the patient and palpation.Additional methods of instrumental and laboratory tests allow to establish the type and form of the disease, identify the pathogen (with infectious lesion) and prescribe the most effective therapeutic complex.

Instrumental diagnosis:

  • Ecoscopy (Ultrasound) - Determines the degree of inflammatory process, makes it possible to evaluate the state of urinary and sexual systems simultaneously;
  • Endoscopy (cystoscopy) - Bladder cavity examination using the optical system of the cystoscope allows to evaluate the state of the internal integument, identify possible pathologies and neoplasms;performed only after the disappearance of acute phenomena;
  • Cystography is an X -ray exam using an X -ray contract.

Laboratory research:

  • General urine analysis - Check pH level, leukocyte concentration, red blood cells, proteins and uric acid salts;
  • Study of urine sediments for more accurate results;
  • BAKSEV - To identify an infectious pathogen;
  • Tissue biopsy, followed by histological examination;
  • PCR-O-O-O-OS Diagnoses as effective as possible when identifying sexual infections.

In some cases, the doctor may prescribe an analysis for blood biochemistry - allows to track the characteristics of body functioning with changes in the concentration of the main electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium), and evaluate the activity of enzyme systems.

For women, it is important to perform a gynecological examination for the presence of "female" inflammation, which usually become the cause or consequence of cystitis.

Attention! Often, inflammation of urea is a symptom of a more severe disease, so differential diagnosis is necessary for tuberculosis, prostatitis (in men), cancer tumors, etc.

How is the treatment going?

The acute form of cystitis comes easily and quickly in chronicle;Therefore, it is very important to react to the first signs of the disease in time and correctly.

Attention! Frequently, after the acute manifestation of the first symptoms, inflammation is independently in no way.This does not mean that the patient has recovered - the disease can become “underground” and a more complete diagnosis of the body is required to identify the hidden pathological process.

Treatment, as a rule, complex, using conservative methods.With a competent approach, the result is favorable.Surgical intervention is necessary only in the most advanced cases.

The main list of appointments:

  • Drug Therapy;
  • Savings regime;
  • abundant drink;
  • Compliance with the diet.

In chronic forms to restore bladder functionality, a physical therapy complex is assigned.

Drug treatment:

  • Antibiotics - In chronic forms, they make an individual selection of medicines based on Bakposev results;
  • Diuretics - Diuretics increase urine output, washing the pathogenous flora and reducing the concentration of irritating substances;
  • antispasmodic;
  • Vitamin preparations.

To prevent the pathogenic effect of a large number of chemicals, degrees are actively used with cystitis, mainly anti -inflammatory and diuretic: stubborn, lingonberry, renal tea (orthosiphon), St. John, spray, chamomile, parsley.A good effect is given by pharmacy medications based on plant materials.

Attention! Drinking abundant with cystitis is necessarily!The minimum volume of pure water is 2 liters.Recommended 2.5-3 liters.

Dietary characteristics:

  • Delete all marinades, clear spices, pickles, sweets, smoked and fried foods, as well as alcohol, tea, coffee, soda;The salt of the diet should be eliminated to the fullest (!);
  • Reduce the amount of meat, fish, birds, especially fatty varieties; 
  • Dairy products are consumed in small quantities -low fat with low fat, yogurt, milk, low and unresolved cheese;
  • Increase the consumption of vegetables and fresh fruits (great preference to watermelon, pumpkin);
  • To avoid constipation in the diet, bran content, cereals and vegetable oils should be increased.

Characteristics of cystitis in pregnant women

Changing the hormonal background during pregnancy creates prerequisites to suppress the work of the immune system, which increases the risk of developing various inflammatory processes.Lower hypothermia, a slight violation of hygiene rules and even usual climate change (the body considers it as stress) can cause bladder inflammation.

By bringing a child, especially in the final stages of pregnancy, the pressure in the bladder due to increased uterus increases.On the one hand, this causes stagnant phenomena in the pelvic area and contributes to the development of cystitis, on the other hand, exacerbates the manifestation of its symptoms, in particular:

  • The frequency of urination increases;
  • The sensation of pressure on the bladder becomes constant and not even after emptying.

Treatment during pregnancy is difficult due to the prohibition of the use of most antibacterial agents can negatively affect the total development of the fetus.Alternatively, the instillation method is used - the introduction of antibacterial agents savers of local action directly into the bladder cavity.The procedure is performed at the hospital under the control of the medical team.

Attention! Cystitis during pregnancy is dangerous by its complications.The high charges in the kidneys during the gestation period requires constant monitoring of the urinary system state and urgent hospitalization in case of dissemination of inflammation to its higher departments.

How to warn the disease?

To avoid inflammatory processes in the urinary system, it is sufficient to adhere to the following rules:

  • Avoid hypothermia from the lower body - do not stay on the cold surface, keep your legs warm.
  • Delete clear and salty products from the diet.
  • Disease sexual infections as well as other outbreaks of inflammatory processes (including caries).
  • Refuse synthetic materials, especially in the composition of underwear.Avoid a narrow and tight area of pelvic clothes.
  • In the presence of sedentary work, take a regular 10 to 15 minutes with a heating breaks.
  • Carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene (especially for women) - When washing and cleaning after defecation, all movements should be directed in the direction back.Lower underwear should be changed daily.During menstruation, it is necessary to change the joints and pitches as soon as possible.
  • Try to urinate in time - in the first "call of nature", it does not tolerate - this causes the stagnation of the urine and stretches the bladder walls.Norm-Norma-Airination 5-6 times during the day.

With frequent recurring cystitis for prevention purposes, you should drink a glass of cranberry juice a day - its pronounced antibacterial properties will prevent the disease or significantly reduce the frequency of its manifestations.